![]() ![]() ![]() It is concluded that CCK-induced changes in taste reactivity are behaviorally specific and are produced by a satiogenic mechanism of action. It also appears unlikely that injection of CCK produced any aversive gastrointestinal cues, due to the lack of aversive responding observed across a variety of conditions. Furthermore, they rule out the possibility that a non-specific suppressive effect of CCK is responsible for the observed changes in taste reactivity. Together, these studies provide the first demonstration that the suppressive effects of CCK are not reliant on taste cues. These data demonstrate that aversive gastrointestinal cues were present only in LiCl treated rats. In contrast, a conditioned increase in aversive responses, and decrease in ingestive responses, was observed in LiCl treated rats. Most elements other than metals and carbon have a significantly greater electronegativity than hydrogen. An immediate, unconditioned decrease in ingestive responses, that was not accompanied by increased aversive responses, was observed in CCK treated rats. The influence a substituent exerts on the reactivity of a benzene ring may be explained by the interaction of two effects: The first is the inductive effect of the substituent. In the specific sense, reactivity refers to one particular temperamental quality (e.g. Experiment 4 compared taste reactivity responses to a sucrose solution following multiple injections of CCK relative to a single injection of an emetic agent, lithium chloride (LiCl). Reactivity is a term that is used in a broad sense, as well as in a more specific one. Similar to the results of the first study, CCK reduced ingestive responses and failed to increase aversive responses. Experiment 3 examined the ability of CCK to alter taste reactivity responses to oral infusions of a bittersweet solution that elicits a mixture of ingestive and aversive responses in naive rats. CCK treatment reduced the frequency of water-elicited ingestive responses when rats were fluid-replete, but failed to have any effect on fluid-deprived rats. Experiment 2 examined the ability of CCK to alter taste reactivity responses during oral water infusions. There is a need for a systematic review of this literature, which should aim to quantify the extent of measurement reactivity effects and to provide a firmer evidence base for theorizing about the sources of reactivity. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the independent contribution of Lp(a) to platelet activity by controlling the effects of potential confounding factors including. Peripheral administration of CCK produced a dose-dependent reduction in ingestive responses without promoting an increase in aversive responses. There is a particular absence of studies of the mechanisms by which measurement reactivity arises. Experiment 1 examined the ability of CCK to alter sucrose-elicited taste reactivity responses. By application of the taste reactivity test, the present thesis examined whether aversive side effects and/or alterations in palatability contribute to the anorectic effects of CCK in rats. Cholecystokinin (CCK), a polypeptide gut-brain hormone, reduces food intake in a variety of species and across a number of experimental situations.
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